Scapegoats of Kerala-6

CcIfm¡s¸Sp¶ PbnepIfnse At´hmknIÄ....

1704 in£m PbnepIÄ \nehn h¶p. Ipäw sNbvXhtcmSv {Iqcambpw \nIrãambpw s]cpamdnbncp¶ Hcp ImeL«¯n \n¶pÅ “Xhf¨m«w” (Frog Jump) Bbncp¶p PbnÂhmkw in£bmbn IW¡m¡m³ It¯men¡ k`bpsS Xeh\mb tdmambnse amÀ¸m¸ ¢aâv XIIIþma³ Xocpam\n¨t¸mÄ D­mbXv, A¶phsc, IpähmfnIfpsS ssIsh«pI, ImÂsh«pI, I®p Nqgvs¶Sp¡pI, \m¡p ]ngpXp IfbpI, enwKw tOZn¡pIþ CXymZn ss]imNnI coXnbneqsSbmbncp¶p Ipä\oXn \S¸m¡nbncp¶Xv. ^etam? hnIemwKsc krãn¡phm\pw AXphgn kaql¯n\v henb _m[yXbp­m¡phm\pw am{Xta A¯c¯nepÅ arKobin£IÄ ¡mbncp¶pÅq. a\pjyÀ¡v a\pjytcmSv C{Xam{Xw {IqcamIm\m Iptam? B\sbs¡m­v Nhn«n¨pw ImepIÄ c­pw ]nSn¨I¯n icocs¯ ]nfÀ¯n¨pw a\pjyamwkw No´nsbSp¯pw shůn ap¡n¸nSn¨pw h[in£ \S¸m¡nbncp¶ Hcp ImeL«¯n ssIImepIÄ sh«p¶Xpw \m¡v ]ngpXp Ifbp¶XpsaÃmw eLphmb in£mcoXnIfmbncp¶ncn¡mw.

IpähmfnIÄ a\pjycmsW¶pw a\pjyXz]camb in£IÄ AhÀ¡v \ÂIWsa¶pw It¯men¡m k` Bhiys¸«t¸mÄ A¶s¯bmfpIÄ AXv FXnÀ¯psh¶sXmcp Ncn{XkXyw. F¶nep¶mepw, hnip² ss__nfn ASnbpd¨v {]Ncn¸n¨ Nn´mKXn¡\pkrXambn tdman PbnÂhmkw in£bmbn IcpXn IpähmfnIsf Xmakn¸n¡m\mbn temI¯nemZyambn “t]¸Â {]nk¬” (amÀ¸m¸bpsS PbnÂ) Fs¶mcp Øm]\w ]WnIgn¸n¨p. in£bn “a\pjyXzw” ImWn¨Xn AXr]vXn tXm¶nbncp¶ bqtdm]y³ cmPy§Ä H¶n\p ]pdsI asäm¶mbn “PbnÂhmks¯” ]n¶oSv in£bmbn IW¡m¡m³ aSn¨nÃ. ^etam? IpähmfnIsf in£n¨bbv¡m\mbn PbnepIÄ ]Wnbm³ XpS§n. BZyw _ÂPnbhpw ]n¶oSv {^m³kpw PbnÂin£sb AwKoIcn¨v PbnepIÄ ]WnXp. ]n¶oSv Cw¥­pw aäv cmPy§fpw Pbn in£sb AwKoIcn¨p.

Pbnen in£n¡s¸«p InS¡p¶hsc a\pjycmbn am\n¡m³ 1704 ]ecpw X¿mdmbnÃ. F{Xam{Xw ZpcnX]qÀ®am¡mtam A{Xam{Xw arKobhpw {Iqchpam¡pI PbnÂhmkw F¶ Nn´mKXn bmbncp¶p At¸mgpw D­mbncp¶Xv. ]ot\mfPn AYhm in£m imkv{Xw F¶ sshÚm\nI imJ A¶v P\n¨n«nÃmbncp¶p. ]n¶oSv ]e ZiI§Ä Ignªt¸mgmWv {^m³kokv en_À (Francis Liber) F¶ {^©v kmaqly imkv{XÚ³ in£mimkv{Xw F¶dn bs¸Sp¶ penology¡v cq]w sImSp¯Xv. Atacn¡bnse FÂanc (Elmira- a city in Central New York, USA) aqhvsaâv PbnÂhmkw, Pbn in£ F¶nhbpsS Dt±iip²nbnepw e£y¯nepw Imcyamb amä§Ä hcp¯n. PbnÂhmknIfpw a\pjycmWvþ A¡mcW¯m a\pjyXz]camb kao]\w AhcpsS AhImiamsW¶pw BcpsSbpw A\pI¼bsöpw AtXmsS AwKoIcn¡m³ XpS§n.

1860 {_n«ojpImÀ C´ybn sIm­ph¶ C´y³ in£m \nba¯n PbnÂhmkw {][m\ in£bmbn AwKoIcn¨p. in£n¡s¸Sp¶hsc Xmakn¸n¡m\mbn 1846 Xs¶ sk³{S PbnepIÄ ]Wnbm\pw XpS§n. ChnsS, B{Kbn Bbncp¶p BZys¯ sk³{S Pbn ]WnXXv. 1900 Bbs¸mtg¡pw C´ybnse {][m\ \Kc§fnseÃmw PbnepIÄ ]WnXp Ignªncp¶p. 1886emsW¶p tXm¶p¶p tIcf¯n ]qP¸pc sk³{S Pbn ]WnXXv. ]s£, AhsbÃmw Xs¶ in£n¡s¸«p InS¶hÀ¡v \cIbmX\ \ÂIp¶hbmbncp¶p. 1835 apXemWv C´ybn Pbn ]cnjvIcW¯n\v {iaw XpS§nbXv. ImemIme §fn \nban¡s¸« Pbn ]cnjvIcW I½nänIÄ ]eXpw \nÀt±in s¨¦nepw NnesXÃmw am{Xta \S¸m¡nbpÅq. 1951 `mcX kÀ¡mcnsâ Bhiy{]Imcw W.C. dIvekv (W.C. Reckless) F¶ sFIycmjv{S kwLS\m hnZKv²³ PbnepIÄ ]cnjvIcn¡m³ ]e \nÀt±i§fpw X¶psh¦nepw AhntSbpw \½Ä ]nip¡v ImWn¨p. 1955 sFIycmjv{S kwLS\ AwKoIcn¨ Standard Minimum Rules- ]dªncn¡p¶h \S¸m¡ns¡mÅmsa¶v C´ym Kh¬saâv k½Xn¨v H¸n«p \ÂInsb¦nepw AhsbÃmw AtX]Sn {]mhÀ¯nI am¡m³ \½Ä aSnImWn¨p. tIcf¯n CubSp¯ Ime¯v \nehnÂh¶ Pbn NS§fn t]mepw A´mcmjv{S Xe¯n AwKoIcn¨ ]eXpw DÄs¸Sp¯nbnsöXmWv hmkvXhw. Ahsb ¡pdn¨v AdnhnÃm¯htcm Adnhp­mbn«pw Ahsbms¡ ths­¶p h¨htcm Bbncn¡Ww PbnÂN«§Ä ]cnjvIcn¨Xv. AXn\nSbn Hcp ap³a{´n in£n¡s¸«v PbnÂin£ A\p`hn¨Xpw Bip]{Xn NnInÕ t\SnbXpw t^m¬ hnfn¨XpsaÃmw henb hnhmZ§fmbn. 2011se tIcf¸ndhn Zn\t¯mSv A\p_Ôn¨v PbnepIfnse At´hmknIÄ¡v kÀ¡mÀ A\phZn¨ in£mbnfhpw hnhmZambn. AXmWv, Cu teJ\¯n\m[mchpw.

1704 apX PbnÂhmkhpw PbnÂin£bpw AwKoIcn¨ tijw 300 hÀj¯ntesdbpÅ ImeL«¯n D­mb amä§sf¡pdn¨pw Nn´mKXnbnep­mb hyXnbm\§sf¡pdn¨pw ]Tn¨n«nÃm¯ Hcp Iq«w “cmjv{Sob¡mÀ” PbnÂin£sb t]mepw AhcpsS cmjv{Sob t\«¯n\mbn cmjv{Sobhev¡cn¡p¶p! `cWLS\ \ÂIp¶ A[nImcw D]tbmKns¨mcp tImSXn in£n¨hÀ¡v AtX `cWLS\ \ÂIp¶ A[nImcw D]tbmKn¨pXs¶ Hcp kÀ¡mÀ in£mbnfhv At´hmknIÄ¡v A\phZn¨m AXv AgnaXnbmIp¶sX§s\? Pbnense At´mhmknIfpsS a\:]cnhÀ¯\hpw hyànXz hnIk\hpw e£yam¡n \S¸m¡p¶ ]tcmÄ, \Ã\S¸v, in£mbnfhv, in£mImem\´capÅ klmb§Ä, sXmgnepd¸v ]²XnIsfÃmw cmjv{Sobh¡cn¡p¶Xv Ahsb¡pdn¨pÅ AÚXbmsW¶Xn ep]cn At´hmknIfmbhsc “CcIfm¡n” amäp¶ a\ØnXnbmWv. Pbnen Bbn t]mbmÂ, Iq«neSbv¡s¸« B«n³Ip«nIsf t]mse IgnbWsa¶pw AhÀ¡v AhImis¸« bmsXm¶pw sImSp¡m³ ]mSnsöv hmin]nSn¡p¶Xpw 1704se arKob kao]\¯nsâ asämcp hnIrXapJamWv. kaql¯nsâ apJy[mcbnte¡v sIm­phcm³ {ian¡p¶Xns\ cmjv{Sobh¡cn¡p¶XneÀ°anÃ. CcbmIÂþ Ccbm¡Â imkv{Xw AXns\ A\oXnbmbn IW¡m¡p¶p. At´hmknIfpsS AhImiw kwc£n¡pI Xs¶bmW´Êv.